![]() ![]() In the USA, while 9000 CIEDs were implanted in 1990, 1 its number increased to 368 829 in 2009. In recent years, the number of patients that have been fitted with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) such as cardiac pacemakers (PMs) or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) has strongly increased. Additionally, worst-case scenarios should be considered in all study types where possible.Įlectromagnetic interference, Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, Cardiac pacemaker, Electric fields, Magnetic fields, Intermediate frequency, Systematic review Introduction Future studies should therefore, consider exposure-related parameters as well as implant- and lead-related parameters systematically. The review shows that the factors influencing EMI are not sufficiently characterized and EMF limit values for CIED patients cannot be derived yet. ![]() The results of the studies evaluated in this systematic review further indicate that the likelihood for EMI is dependent on exposure-related parameters (field strength, frequency, and modulation) and on implant- as well as on lead-related parameters (model, type of implant, implant sensitivity setting, lead configuration, and implantation site). Electromagnetic interference may in particular be provoked by security systems and induction hobs. Our analysis revealed that cardiac implants are susceptible to malfunction induced by EMF in the IF range. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement, we collected and evaluated studies examining EMI in in vivo studies, in vitro studies (phantom studies, benchmark tests), and simulation studies. Additionally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of studies used to investigate EMI. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate whether cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the IF range (1 kHz–1 MHz). Electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the intermediate frequency (IF) range are generated by many novel electrical appliances, including electric vehicles, radiofrequency identification systems, induction hobs, or energy supply systems, such as wireless charging systems. ![]()
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